Attending Formal Meetings at Work

Investigation Meetings At WorkBeing invited to a formal meeting, such as an investigation meetings at work, is often a daunting experience. It is important to understand your rights when you are invited to such meetings so you can fully participate in the process and know if you are being taken advantage of.

However, it does not always end badly and how you conduct yourself during a formal process at work makes a difference (this includes an investigation meetings at work, which can often be scheduled unexpectedly).

In this article, we explore some of the key issues and address how to approach formal meetings at work. We also cover some of the common mistakes we see so you can avoid them.

We are addressing formal meetings generally, which would include:

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Do I have the right to be accompanied?

A worker/employee has the right to be accompanied at a grievance or disciplinary hearing, at a meeting to discuss their right to work flexibly or at a meeting to discuss their right to request to study or train.

You are permitted to have another worker/employee, or a trade union representative attend the meetings with you (if you chose another worker/employee to attend with you, they also have the right to time off to attend).

Do I have the right to be accompanied at Investigation Meetings At Work ?

There is often confusion in relation to the right to be accompanied at an investigation meeting at work.

Under section 10 of the Employment Relations Act 1999, you have the right to be accompanied to any meeting or hearing that can result in disciplinary action.

Where lots of companies do permit staff to be accompanied at an investigation meeting, the legal right does not apply, because an investigation meeting will not result in disciplinary action (although if a meeting is described as an investigation meeting, but there is clearly to be no further meetings and a sanction was given or may have been given, then the right to be accompanied may apply).

In each case, check the company policy and your contract (as the company policy may be contractual, although most are not).

The Acas guide to conducting workplace investigations advises that in most cases staff should be permitted to be accompanied.

Please also consider if you have a disability, which would place you at a disadvantage if you were not accompanied. If your employer is aware of the disability and the disadvantage, it may be a reasonable adjustment to let you be accompanied.

Do witnesses have the right to be accompanied?

If an internal process (for example a disciplinary or grievance) involves witnesses, then the witnesses do not have the right to be accompanied (there is a rare exception to this in certain regulated sectors where the witness may be implicating themselves in criminal conduct).

If my right to be accompanied is wrongfully refused, can I claim compensation?

Yes, there is a Tribunal claim, but the compensation is capped at two weeks’ gross pay (with the maximum weekly pay also being capped, this figure increases each year).

You do not require two years of service to make this claim.

Therefore, if you are pulled into a meeting and dismissed, which more commonly happens when someone is on probation or has less than 2 year of service and your request to be accompanied is refused, then this claim is likely to apply.

The Acas Code of Practice

The Acas Code provides practical guidance on how to conduct formal meetings, particularly disciplinary and grievances.

A failure to follow the Acas Code does not necessarily mean there is a viable claim, but Tribunals will take the Acas Code into account when considering if a party has acted unreasonably, and in an unfair dismissal claim, it can impact on compensation.

The compensatory award can be increased by up to 25% (if the employer unreasonably fails to follow the Acas Code) or decrease it be 25% (if the employee fails to follow the Acas Code).

A common argument used to try and reduce the compensation to an individual is the failure to appeal the decision to dismiss.

Am I entitled to prior notice of Formal Meetings?

There is not an absolute legal right to this as there is with the right to be accompanied.

We suggest you check the company policy (and your contract) first.

However, most employers will give prior notice to disciplinary and grievance hearings.

A failure to give a worker/employee notice of a disciplinary hearing, with full details of the allegations along with time to prepare, is likely to make any resulting dismissal, unfair.

However, the same principles do not apply to investigation meetings at work. So as long as you do not have a contractual right to notice of the meeting, an employer is likely to be able to hold a formal investigation meeting without notice (an employer is entitled to conduct internal investigations).

Should formal meetings be recorded (notes/audio recordings)?

Most formal meetings will be recorded in some way.

There is no requirement to do so, but it is clearly good practice.

As it is difficult to conduct a meeting and keep accurate notes, the Company may have more than one person present. This does make the meeting feel much more serious, but it is likely to increase the accuracy of the notes.

Should I take my own notes of record the formal meetings?

If there is a note taker present, it may be easier to check they have made an accurate note instead.

However, if something important arises, it makes sense to note this down yourself.

In advance, check the company policy on note-taking and recording meetings.

If you covertly record a meeting, it may be deemed a disciplinary.

Covert recordings can cause issues, so caution is recommended. However, if you record something important that your employer later denies/is not visible in the formal notes, this can be useful. Tribunals are often willing to listen to covert recordings of meetings (this is not the same as a planted device, that records others whilst you are not present, which is unlikely to be used).

General Guidance when attending a Formal Meeting

Here is some general guidance if you have been invited to attend a formal meeting.

Even if you fear the outcome is pre-determined, it is best to attend with an open mind and with the belief the purpose of the meeting is genuine and fair.

The benefit of this mindset is that your participation in the meeting will be more effective. If the meeting is held on genuine grounds, then you will be more persuasive, and your version will be understood. This increases the likelihood of the outcome going in your favor.

If the meeting is pre-determined and conducted as a box-ticking exercise, then you will be reflected much more positively in the meeting minutes/recording, which may be important at a later stage.

Some common mistakes we see are:

  • Individuals avoid attending all formal meetings. If you fail to participate in the process, the Company may be able to use this against you, for example, by twisting the narrative and suggesting the issues were created/made worse by your failure to attend meetings / be cooperative.
  • Individuals attend meetings and their comments focus on why they feel the process is unfair and unjust. This is a particular issue in disciplinary proceedings, where individuals fail to properly address the allegations they face. If you are being accused of something you deny, it is important your reasons as to why you are not guilty of the alleged misconduct are clearly put across. This is much more important than making a big issue of the fact you were given 2 days’ notice of the meeting rather than 3 days (for example). However, we suggest you keep a timeline of the process, to include a list of the mistakes/unfair treatment received, which may be useful later.
  • Being signed off work, but not signed off to attend meetings. If you are too unwell to attend meetings, make sure this is reflected in your sick certificate. Being signed off work does not necessarily mean you are too unwell to attend a meeting. Some employers will make this distinction (they will argue they are not asking you to work but to attend a short meeting). You can prevent this from happening by getting signed off work and meetings (only get signed off if this is genuine).
  • Individuals being confused about their right to be accompanied and advance notice of meetings. This is most common with investigation meetings at work. Unlike a disciplinary hearing (where the result can be a disciplinary sanction) there is no legal right to be accompanied. The same goes for prior notice of the meeting. Although it is often good practice, and lots of employers do give advance notice (and afford the right to be accompanied) to investigation meetings, there is not the same onus to do this as there is with a formal disciplinary hearing, for example. We suggest you check the Company policy (and your contract) and you can of course (politely) ask that the policy/contract is adhered to (if you would prefer to be accompanied, simply asking may result in this being agreed. What not to do is refuse to attend investigation meetings because you were not given advance notice or the right to be accompanied (see the first bullet point above). It is ok to let your employer make mistakes on the “process,” of course within reason, because you may be able to use this against the employer later.
  • “Lawyering up” too early. Taking legal advice to guide you through a difficult internal process is often a good idea, but this should be done “behind the scenes.” It is rarely a good idea to get lawyers involved too early or to threaten your employer with legal action too readily. You want your employer to underestimate you, make mistakes, and not lawyer up themselves. If you make clear you are taking legal advice / threaten legal action, then your employer is likely to do the same, which may result in the process they follow is harder to criticise and any negotiations being harder to progress. It also does not come across well in meeting notes/requirements if you appear confrontational/litigious.

We hope these points help you navigate any formal process you face, which is difficult and stressful at the best of times. If you adopt the points above and avoid common mistakes, the outcome is more likely to be positive for you.

FAQs on Formal Meetings at Work

1. What is a formal meeting at work?

  • A formal meeting at work can include investigation meetings, grievance hearings, disciplinary hearings, long-term absence meetings, and appeal meetings related to grievances or disciplinary actions. These meetings are part of formal processes to address workplace issues.

2. Do I have the right to be accompanied at formal meetings?

  • Employees have the right to be accompanied at a meeting or hearing that can result in disciplinary action, such as a disciplinary hearing. However, it makes sense to check the company policy/handbook, as the right to be accompanied may be extended to other meetings by the Company. You can always request to be accompanied, as this may be granted.

3. Do I have the right to be accompanied at investigation meetings?

  • Generally, there is no legal right to be accompanied at an investigation meeting since it is not intended to result in disciplinary action. However, check your company’s policy and contract, as some employers do allow it. Additionally, if you have a disability, it may be a reasonable adjustment to allow you to be accompanied.

4. Can witnesses be accompanied at formal meetings?

  • Witnesses do not have the right to be accompanied during internal processes like disciplinary or grievance hearings, except in rare cases involving certain regulated sectors.

5. What can I do if my right to be accompanied is refused?

  • If your right to be accompanied is wrongfully refused, you can claim compensation through a Tribunal claim. The compensation is capped at two weeks’ gross pay. You do not need two years of service to make this claim.

6. What is the Acas Code of Practice, and why is it important?

  • The Acas Code of Practice provides practical guidance on conducting formal meetings, particularly disciplinary and grievances. While a failure to follow the Acas Code does not automatically result in a claim, it can impact compensation in an unfair dismissal claim, with the compensatory award potentially being increased or decreased by up to 25%.

7. Am I entitled to prior notice of formal meetings?

  • There is no absolute legal right to prior notice of formal meetings, but most employers will provide notice for disciplinary and grievance hearings. In some case, the lack of notice may be a relevant factor in any resulting claim for unfair dismissal. For investigation meetings, there is usually no requirement for prior notice unless specified in your contract or company policy.

8. Should formal meetings be recorded?

  • While there is no requirement to record formal meetings, it is good practice. Meetings are often recorded through note-taking, and having an accurate record is beneficial. It is advisable to check the company policy on recording meetings.

9. Can I take my own notes or record formal meetings?

  • It is generally advisable to check the company policy on note-taking and recording meetings. Covertly recording meetings can lead to disciplinary action, but Tribunals may consider such recordings if they are relevant and important.

10. What are some common mistakes to avoid during formal meetings?

  • Avoid not attending all formal meetings, focusing solely on process fairness instead of addressing allegations, being signed off work but attending meetings without proper medical certification, misunderstanding rights to be accompanied, and threatening legal action too early.

Disclaimer:

This blog is for information purposes only. Nothing should be relied upon as a substitute for legal advice and nothing written should be construed as legal advice or perceived as creating a lawyer-client relationship.

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